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I also have another question, is there anyway to calculate the horsepower (or torque)? Like a theoretical based upon engine specifications. Or can it only be measured like on a dyno?
The answer to your question is horsepower can "only" be calculated.
Torque is what is measured. Torque is instantaneous twisting force and what is measured by a dyno. Horsepower is a calculated abstract using the formula (rpmxTorque)/5250. Horsepower is a rate of doing work and involves a time element. Andy is correct that torque is a function of displacement and the NA limit is around 80 ft/lb per liter, regardless of engine design. Horsepower per liter varys much more because of the rpm factor. Wally Hassan, Jaguar XK and WC F1 engine designer, explains this clearly in his 1960 SAE paper on engine design. Torque is more of a factor than horsepower for a road car, the industry standard for operating conditions is 85% of time below 30% load.
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Paul
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