Adding wireless charging to any phone
Induction charging still requires some pretty small distances between the charger and the device.
There is another form of wireless power transmission technology that uses magnetic resonance instead of induction, but I haven't seen anyone using it.
Depending on how often if it programmed to send data, a small lithium battery could power the device for a very, very long time. Essentially, if you only wanted to track on object's position once a day, it could be in a low power standby mode almost all the time, and only turn on to parse the GPS data and send it. I'd say over a month.