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I'm not a computer programmer by far, but here's my knowledge on Java:
It is an intentionally vague description because it runs on everything and cane be used for anything. Java and the lighter Javascrpt run small applets on webpages (probably even this one), phones, programs, server apps, etc etc.
It's a cross platform language and communicates easily through the web.
Different programs use it for different things. It's basis is constantly re-visioned by Sun to provide capability for more and more devices and services, and thus the updates. The code runs in an 'environment' that gets those updates. (unlike a more traditional programming language that is compiled and executed on specific platforms).
Usually, windows' newer security measures make updating it really, really annoying because it is constantly changing. There is a way to disable that and let it update automatically, which I think is safe to do.
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