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Yup.
Intense repetitive computation of algorithms against data to produce an un-alterable-after-the-fact ledger of transactions, all decentralized and can be done peer-2-peer (like the *coin stuff) or on a distributed cluster (think a record of stock trades/buys/sells/etc).
Basically the first piece of data is used to create a hash of some type (math operation the data, can take extremely long to calculate. Same technology is used to securely store passwords. With a good enough hash, any data that has a matching hash is also the same data - and no other data will match.
The next transaction logged uses the hash the first transaction calculated as "salt" for its hash - ie, it is added to the data to make it impossible to generate all possible data combinations and then just search for a matching hash to find out the original data (rainbow table - these exist for password attacks, etc).
The third transaction (or Nth) uses the hash the second data (or N-1th) to salt itself and compute its hash, and then N+1 uses that hash to salt itself and so on.
Change any record, and NONE of the other records stay the same.
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