Pulse Jet Technology - Anyone Know About This? Looks Real Interesting!

[M.D. Holloway]

Heard a sound bite last night on NPR concerning the noise of a Pulse Jet. It seemed interesting so I looked into it. I am sure that it has its share of issues but it does satisfy a need that we all have - namley noise and fire, speed is also there!

From the website: http://aardvark.co.nz/pjet/


This monster is powered by two enhanced Lockwood valveless pulsejets which have been tested to produce 150lbs of thrust each in an unaugmented configuration when run on propane.
Early tests on Jet A1 indicate that this thrust can be lifted to around 180lbs each and, with the addition of an augmentor, a figure of around 220lbs of static thrust per engine should be possible -- for a total of 440lbs.

The entire vehicle currently weighs in at under 180lbs so I'm expecting some pretty impressive acceleration and speed.







From the website: http://aardvark.co.nz/pjet/howtheywork.shtml

Pulsejets are very simple engines but their operation is not always easily understood -- after all, how can an almost empty pipe run as a jet engine?
This page is an attempt to explain the four basic phases in the pulsejet's operational cycle.

1. Ignition
This is the instant that the fuel and air in the pulsejet are ignited.

The effect is that a fireball is produced inside the engine which creates a great deal of heat and pressure. The reed valves are held closed by this pressure, effectively leaving the flame and hot gasses only one place to go...

2. Combustion
After ignition, the air and fuel continues to burn and expand in a phase called the combustion phase.

During this phase the burning gases expand and travel down the tailpipe, exiting at the rear of the engine. The force of the gases leaving the engine in a rearwards direction creates an equal and opposite force that tries to move the engine forwards -- this is thrust.

3. Intake
Because gases are elastic (they can be compressed and stretched) and because they have mass, the rapidly exiting exhaust gases have a tendency to keep moving -- even after the pressure inside the engine drops below the pressure outside.

This causes a partial vacuum to be created inside the engine.

The effect of this vacuum is to draw air and fuel in through the valves at the front of the engine -- which are pushed open by the higher pressure outside the engine.

4. Compression
As mentioned above, gases are elastic -- so now, having been stretched out to create a partial vacuum, some of the hot exhaust gases are now drawn back towards the front of the engine by the vacuum that was created.




Once again, because they have momentum, the gases in the tailpipe continue to move even after the pressure inside and outside the engine is equalized. This means that the gases continue heading towards the front of the engine -- towards the fresh charge of air and fuel that has just been drawn in.
Of course, as soon as the pressure inside the engine becomes higher than the air pressure outside, the reed valves slam shut -- stopping the air/fuel mixture from escaping.

This continued movement of the exhaust gases causes the air-fuel mixture to be compressed -- until the hot gases finally travel so far up the pipe that they touch the explosive air/fuel mixture and -- back to step one!

This cycle repeats hundreds of times a second -- producing the characteristic buzzing sound of the pulsejet engine.

What Can Go Wrong?
Given that these are such simple engines it is sometimes difficult to understand why they can be so hard to design and build so that they work.

Here are the effects of a few design mistakes that can affect the engine's ability to run:

PIPE TOO SHORT
If the pipe is too short then the engine won't run because all of the hot gases wil leave the tailpipe. This means there's nothing left to ignite the new air-fuel mixture drawn in during the intake phase.

PIPE TOO LONG
If the pipe is too long then the exhaust gases will "burn out" and cool down too much -- making it impossible for them to ignite the fresh air/fuel mixture. It is worth noting that most engines are far more tollerant of a too-long pipe than a too-short one. If you're designing an engine it always pay to err on the side of making the pipe a little longer than you might think necessary.

VALVED INTAKE AREA TOO BIG
If the valves in the front of the engine are too big then the vacuum necessary to suck some of the hot exhaust gases back to compress and ignite the fresh air/fuel charge will disipate too quickly and the engine will not run.

VALVED INTAKE AREA TOO SMALL
If the valves are too small then not enough air/fuel mixture will be drawn into the engine to provide adequate combustion and the engine will either not run or will run with less than optimal levels of power.
It can be seen from this that there are two critical elements to designing a successful pulsejet engine:

the valve area
the pipe length




The power to weight ratio is extremely good, producing some really astounding acceleration, and the noise is astonishing -- especially when the engines lose synchronization and a beat-frequency can clearly be heard modulating the level of sound and vibration.
One thing that immediately became apparent however, is that if the engines do lose synchronization, there's a definite tendency for the exhaust of one to be ingested by the other, resulting in a premature flame-out.

This problem will be significantly reduced when the augmentors are added but in the meantime, a simple dividing plate between the two intake pipes seems to have dramatically reduced the magnitude of the problem -- albeit while making the engines less likely to sync-up in the first place.

[Joeaksa]

Mike,

Google "V1 rocket or weapon" and see what you come up with. The Nazi's used them to power their first weapons that they sent against England, so this has been around for years.

[Lothar]

How different is that from the German V-1 "Buzz Bomb"?

[M.D. Holloway]

True - I did notice mucho references to the V2s. Looks like some newer materials could solve some of the problems that hampered this technology years ago.

Makes me wonder how much failed technology of years ago could be resurected using newer materials?

[red-beard]

V2 - really the A4, was a ballistic missle, the forerunner of most modern US systems. The V-1 was the pulse-jet, aimed, generally unguided, missle. It was the forerunner of cruise missles.

[Aerkuld]

The V1 had a pulse jet with a series of flap valves on the inlet that hinged inwards. The inlet was much shorter and the flap valves were closed by combustion pressure and reopened by the air pressure generated by forward motion of the device. If I recall correctly, fuel was introduced when the flap valves were opened. When the mixture ignited the flap valves shut, forcing all the hot gas out the rear of the engine as thrust. This moved the device forward, which opened the flap valves, etc. The one above appears to have a tuned inlet length and no moving parts, so works on a somwhat different, but similar effect probably more like a put-put boat engine (I need to read the article don't I...)

[Aerkuld]

Article on the V1 engine, quite different from the one above...

http://aardvark.co.nz/pjet/argusv1.shtml

The put-put boat - I guess I was a mile out on this, although part of the same principle must apply...

http://www.nmia.com/~vrbass/pop-pop/aapt/crane.htm

[island911]

REALLY LOUD. ALSO REALLY LOW COMPRESSION RATIO MAKES FOR POOR EFFICIENCY. OH, AND REALLY LOUD BUZZING AT A NATURAL FREQ OF ~60HZ

[kach22i]

I could use a couple on my hovercraft, it's not loud enough.

[TheMentat]

I think they used these a few seasons ago on Mythbusters.... remarkably simple!

[kmhemi]

there is a guy that sells some stainless steel pulse jet engine kits on flea bay from time to time. Look them up on youtube. there is a video of a guy that put a jet engine on a motorcycle. he made it out of a turbo charger. I was suprised how well it worked.
I would post a link but I'm at work. I have Pelican (for now) but no Youtube.

[onewhippedpuppy]

Interesting, the concept is sound. I would think there must be a reason it isn't commonly used, island's comments make sense.

[Aerkuld]

Island is right that they are not efficient on fuel. Combine that with the huge amount of noise and they're not really suitable for commercial applications. The reason they were so suited to the V1 was that they are very easy to make withoout any high tech equipment and very reliable. Ideal for strapping to a large bomb and flying it over the English channel. The noise was probably part of the terror for the people on the ground once they got over England. Apparently you could hear them coming from a way off, but when the sound stopped that was the time to worry. At that point the missle was supposedly over it's intended target and the fuel had been cut off so it was on it's way down. The damn things were pretty fast and virtually impossible to shoot down. There were some interesting tactics used to down them. If I recall, the British used Mosquito twin engined fighters or Hawker Typhoons to intercept them, fly alongside them and tip them over with the wing tips to upset the gyroscopic guidance system. This was safer than shooting at them then having to fly through the wreckage apparently.

There are a few radio controlled pulse jet powered airplanes around...



...quite how you fly something like that at 230mph is beyond me!

[Bob Goding]

50 0dd years ago the model aircraft pulse jets were "Dynajet" and "Juggernaut" I think.
Fast and very loud,start with a car tyre pump.
http://reviews.ebay.com/What-about-PULSEJET-engines-for-aeromodels_W0QQugidZ10000000002108447?ssPageName=B UYGD:CAT:-1:LISTINGS:4

[svandamme]

i've made a pulse jet once when i was like 13 years old
tiny one , but it worked, albeit not long as i wasn't using high grade materials
probably 10 seconds till it started to melt

pretty easy stuff really
tube of the right size, couple of holes in the right place, and a rudimentary one way valve ,propane, and the right pressure


was in some kind of book from the 60'es, from my uncle when he was a kid
book was called boys and technology, part tech stuff, part sci fi stories

very noisy, that little one sounded like a big Woofer going nuts


i'll see if i can find that book at grandma's place, it had plan's and everything to do it with basic tools

[Porsche-O-Phile]

I'm envisioning a few adapted to a 914 I'll be picking up shortly. . .